16. Cooperation between developing and developed countries

 Lead Papers

Slav Akimov and Ozod Mukhamedjanov, Dr. Erkin Dzhamanbaev, Mikylas Huba, Dr. Tao Jiyi, ANITA KON, Dr. Mikhail Krasnyanski, Dr. Balkrishna Kurvey, Natalya Miroshnichenko,Dr. Richard C. Rich,BAHIRWA AMOS RUHONGORE, Alexander Wegosky

 Akimov and Mukhamedjanov discussed the ecology in the new world order military, financial and ecological mechanisms compose the most powerful part of the united complex of mechanisms of building, but in future operations of the new world-wide community. At present, military and financial mechanisms are dominating. After the completion of forming a new world-wide united mankind system, functions of management and regulations will basically be entrusted on ecological and financial mechanisms.

  Constraints to poor people’s accessing and benefiting from credit among the 19 microfinance schemes in Kyrgyzstan, only 3 of them (FINCA, UNDP Poverty Alleviation Project, and the completed Pilot Demonstration Project - World Bank) reach the poor(Dzhamanbaev).

 Huba described the situation in Slovakia, as well as in other post-communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe. In Slovakia, which is more or less representative as a typical Central and Eastern European country in transition, the principles of sustainable development (among others) are still rarely applied. This is the result (by Steiner, Legen, 1998) of various factors, mainly: * lack of sustainability awareness among government leaders and elected officials, * shortage of knowledge, skills and tools needed for elaboration and implementation of Local Agenda 21 (LA 21), * unfamiliarity with the managerial systems which facilitate addressing the challenge of balancing economic, social and environmental issues, * unclear and underdeveloped set of specific sustainability indicators for cities in Slovakia (for goals and objectives evaluation for monitoring of change and/or trends), * insufficient participation of NGOs, interested citizens and general public in municipal community decision-making process, * poor coordination and cooperation among experts, projects and organizations addressing sustainability issues, * low support (conceptual and financial) of state governmental structures for broader development activities relating to LA 21.

  The impacts of the recent economic globalization on the Brazilian economy have revealed a diversified tendency when the regional productivity indexes are observed(Kon). This is due to the specificities of each region, as regards their sector structure, the availability of human resources, the agglomeration economies and the degree of technological innovation undertaken by local enterprises. From a situation of regional inequalities verified in the social-economic levels of development at the beginning of the eighties, the dynamics of the Brazilian regional evolution has presented different speeds and intensities in the several spaces. World globalization process caused significant changes in advanced and also in less developed economies in recent years that include: a) increasing internationalization of economic activities; b) the reorganization of dominant firms: c) the increasing integration of manufacturing and service production; d) the growing use of microelectronics technology; e) the growing demand in industry for a high skilled workforce, but many routine jobs being displaced by technical change; f) the increasing complexity and volatility of consumption; and a changing role for state intervention.

  The problems of ecology and technological safety become more and more important for mankind (Krasnyanski). But the majority of countries of East Europe, South America, Asia and Africa have not enough finances either for environment protection (keeping air and water clean) or for utilization of the accumulated industrial and domestic wastes, or for preventing fires and explosions in industry, woods, etc. The industrial wastes in these countries (stored in dumps and settling tanks) can be of interest. In the Ukraine there had been accumulated not less than 25 billion tons of such wastes, and the estimates are that they are 2 - 3 trillion tons in the whole world. On the one side such wastes are the source of ecological disaster and on the other side they contain billions of tons of ready residual raw materials: coal, oil products, wood, iron, non-ferrous metals, rare metals, etc. (If, for example, you buy all these dumps in all the above countries 0- and often they are given practically without money - you will become the owners of huge amounts of extremely cheap natural resources that could be compared with the deposits of a big country). In Ukraine (and Russia) there is a number of rather cheap technologies of utilization of industrial wastes (some of them had been developed by us), the use of which permits to extract raw materials the cost wich is 2 - 5 times less than usual. We have also developed some cheap technologies for extinguishing fires and explosions; small furnaces for burning domestic wastes at a site (without transporting it to other locations); installations for liquidation of local poisonous and radio active impurities, etc. These technologies are designed for non-wealthy countries that have big ecological problems (I have been to Vietnam and understood there that the country needs cheap technologies of wastes' utilization as badly as Ukraine). Perhaps, these technologies are not so perfect or well computerized as American or West European but they are 5 - 10 times as cheap! It is necessary to stress that the market of industrial and domestic wastes utilization and is huge (it excludes Europe, North America and Japan): the demand for cheap technologies here is just in the beginning stage and it will greatly increase in the 21st century. On the basis of the above said I suggest you to establish the International Centre of Practical Ecology and Technological Safety.

  Wegosky and his organization suggested that  a special activity to compensate the destroying affects of Urban Civilization upon nature. In our views the mankind can (in ecological terms) achieve the balance only by creating nature-reviving dynamic that is to compensate the destroying urban dynamic. To create nature reviving is to create biocenos of noocenosis on the waste – lands which is to grow in area at the same speed as other grounds are destroyed upon the influence of urban technocratic civilization. We hope that in the nearest future the mankind should be divided into two categories according to attitude toward nature: so called destroyers and so called creators. In our opinion the only way to solve the problem of coming worldwide ecological destruction is to find a balance between the destructive and creative powers we mentioned earlier.

During the past three decades, the size and composition of external capital flows to developing countries have gone through major changes.

Since the beginning of 1990 we have witnessed a rapid expansion of private capital inflows due mainly to the rapid liberalization of markets and privatization of economic activity in developing countries. The private sector has become the principal borrower.

Large amounts of capitals from foreign direct investment are now making their ways to developing countries. They are a supplementary investment to private capital inflows.

The success of the integration of developing countries into the international trading system depends largely on the effective management of their exchange rates.