(1)     Remove a large sink for atmospheric carbon (because forests take up and store larger amounts of carbon than do other terrestrial ecosystems). Tropical and temperate rainforests have been subjected to heavy logging during the 20th century, and the area covered by rainforest around the world is shrinking rapidly. Estimates range from 1 1/2 acres to 2 acres of rainforest disappear each second. Rainforests used to cover 14% of the Earth's surface. This percentage is now down to 6% and it is estimated that the remaining rainforests could disappear within 40 years at this present rate of logging. Further estimates suggest that large numbers of species are being driven extinct, possibly 50,000 species a year due to the removal of their habitat. The largest rainforests can be found today in the Amazon basin (the Amazon Rainforest), the inner parts of Democratic Republic of Congo and on Borneo.

(2)     Add a large source for atmospheric carbon (when the trees decay or are burned, releasing carbon). About 80% of the wood removed during tropical deforestation is destroyed (burned or decayed) or used as fuel wood, so the carbon stored in it is released rapidly as CO₂, as opposed to the delayed slow release that occurs when used for lumber.

*     a direct effect is the composition of the earth atmosphere: CO₂ and Ozone.

*     some indirect effects are climate parameters resulting from climate change: temperature, insolation, rainfall, humidity

*     other indirect effects are the side effects due to the climatic changes:
increase of the sea level, changes in ocean currents, tornadoes, hurricanes, thunderstorms...

*     productivity, in terms of quantity and quality;

*     agricultural practices, through changes of water use (irrigation), agricultural inputs (herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers);

*     environmental level, in particular in relation of frequency and intensity of soil drainage (leading to nitrogen leaching), soil erosion, reduction of crop diversity; and

*     rural space, through the loss of previously cultivated lands, land speculation, land renunciation, hydraulic amenities.

*     land use changes from agriculture to forest ecosystems; this change could remove CO₂ from the atmosphere at rates of 2000 to 20,000 kg of CO₂ per hectare per year for periods of 50 years;

*     soil conservation practices can help build up carbon reservoirs in forest and agricultural soils; and

*     extracting CO₂ from stacks and dispose of it in liquid form in underground reservoirs or deep oceans.

*     In winter, increased winter precipitation, permafrost degradation and glacier retreat due to warmer temperatures may lead to landslides in unstable mountainous regions, and put fish and wildlife habitat, roads and other man-made structures at risk. Increased precipitation will put greater stress on water and sewage systems, while glacier reduction could affect the flow of rivers and streams that depend on glacier water, with potential negative impacts on tourism, hydroelectric generation, fish habitat and lifestyles. The melting of the permafrost will bring about a large and dangerous increase in greengase emissions and, therefore, a significant increase in the global warming of the planet.

*     Spring flood damage could be more severe and existing flood protection works may no longer be adequate.

*     Summer droughts will mean decreased stream flow in those areas, putting fish survival at risk, and reducing water supplies in the dry summer season when irrigation and domestic water use is greatest.

*     Many small glaciers will disappear.

*     Average annual precipitation may increase by 10 to 20 percent.

*     Average annual temperature may increase by 1ºC to 4ºC.

*     More heat energy is available for plant and insect growth.

*     Water in rivers will be warmer in summer.

1.     reducing the rate and magnitudes of change through mitigating the causes, and

2.     reducing the harmful consequences through anticipatory adaptation.

1.     policy response to the consequences of the global warming, and

2.     strategies to adapt to the consequences of the unavoidable climate change.

a)     be corporate shareholders in good standing
b)     be a socially responsible investor
c)     have taken the challenge of a more integrated approach to corporate responsibility by placing environmental and community-based objectives and measures onto the decision-making table alongside with the strategic business planning and operational factors that impact your bottom-line results
d)     provide not only competitive return to your shareholders but you also operate your business in light of environmental and social contributions, and you have understood the interdependence between financial performance, environmental performance and commitment to the community
e)     have taken a full life-cycle approach to integrate and balance environmental and economic decisions for major projects
f)     have an active Environmental, Health and Safety Committee and integrated codes of conduct, policies, standards and operating procedures to reflect your corporate responsibility management
g)     have scored high on categories such as:

*     environmental performance
*     product safety
*     business practices
*     commitment to the community
*     employee relations and diversity
*     corporate governance
*     share performance
*     global corporate responsibility
*     health, safety and security
*     audits and inspections
*     emergency preparedness
*     corporate global ethical values
*     standards of honesty, integrity and ethical behaviour
*     in line with the Scale of Human and Earth Rights and the Charter of Earth Community

h) support a balance and responsible approach that promotes action on the issue of climate change as well as all other issues related to the global life-support systems:

*     global warming
*     Ozone layer
*     wastes of all kind including nuclear and release of radiation
*     climate change
*     species of the fauna and flora becoming extinct
*     losses of forest cover and of biological diversity
*     the capacity for photosynthesis
*     the water cycle
*     food production systems
*     genetic resources
*     chemicals produced for human use and not found in nature and, eventually, reaching the environment with impacts on Earth's waters, soils, air, and ecology

*     predict future anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. While demographic, technological and economic factors are in many respects inherently speculative, better observations and understanding of the processes by which human activities directly or indirectly contribute to emissions are clearly required. These in particular include emissions from deforestation and agricultural activities.
*     obtain more data on the effect of human emissions on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. Not only do we need to reduce the uncertainties about past and current sinks for emitted greenhouse gases, but we need to better understand and quantify the long term feedbacks such as CO₂ fertilization and physical and biological response to climate change if we expect to improve our confidence in projections of future concentrations.
*     measure direct and indirect effects of radiative forcing of greenhouse gases and aerosols.
*     measure climate sensitivity to changes in radiative forcing.
*     measure the response to climate change of biological and physical processes with the terrestrial and ocean systems.
*     obtain an early detection of the signal of human interference with the climate system against the change caused by natural forces or internal system noise is important in fostering timely and responsible coping actions.
*     develop actions to limit emissions of greenhouse gases and prepare to adapt to climate change.
*     live with the facts that climate change is unavoidable, atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are already signficantly higher than pre-industrial levels, and that aggressive efforts to reduce their anthropogenic emission sources would only slow down the growth in their concentrations, not stop it. Therefore, policy response to this issue must also include strategies to adapt to the consequences of unavoidable climate change.

*     the model equilibrium responses of average surface temperatures to a doubling of CO₂ consistently lies between 1.5 and 4.5°C, and clearly exclude zero change;
*     the rate of average global warming due to increasing greenhouse concentrations anticipated over the century is in the range of 0.2 to 0.5°C per decade. Inclusion of effects of increases in aerosols may reduce this by 0.1°C/decade;
*     land areas warm more than oceans, and high northern latitudes more than equatorial regions. Greatest warming is in high northern latitudes in winter.
*     precipitation and soil moisture increases in high latitudes in winter. Most models also project dryer summer soil conditions in interior continental regions of northern mid-latitudes;
*     global sea levels are expected to rise about 2 to 8 cm/decade for the next several centuries, in response to melting land ice and increasing ocean temperatures. Such rises threaten many island states and low lying coastal areas around the world with inundation. For example, a one-meter sea level rise would displace millions of people in countries such as Bangladesh, and would affect 15% of agricultural lands in Egypt.
*     margins of many terrestrial ecosystems will experience increasing stress as ambient regional climates become mismatched with those required for healthy growth of species within. While most species can migrate in response to slow climate change, paleo studies suggest than rates of change in excess of 0.1°C/decade are almost certainly too rapid to avoid disruption. Species in mountainous terrain also have absolute limits in vertical migration potential, with high elevation species threatened with extinction as climate warming eliminates their climatic ecozones. Increased vulnerability to insect and disease infestation adds to such stresses.

a)     Provide a daily report to the public

b)     Define air pollution in terms of the amount of pollution created by polluters

c)     Define air quality in all parts of the city

d)     Measure progress toward air quality goals

e)     Propose abatement steps

f)     Alarm the public in case of danger

g)     Provide data to researchers

h)     Provide information for compliance

i)     Make intelligent decisions with regard to priorities of programs toward environmental improvement

*     Introduction of appropriate sustainable agricultural system with balanced use of chemical fertilizers incorporated organic minerals and green manure's.

*     Phase wise replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer. Similarly biodegradable insecticide should be replace by the non-biodegradable insecticides.

*     The entrepreneur should take proper mitigation measures of industrial pollution by set-up of industrial waste treatment plant.

*     Control of insect, pests through biological, natural process, alternatives of using harmful insecticides or fungicides is important to introduce.

*     Promotion of research activities in the field of industrial waste utilization and waste recovery process.

*     Re-utilization of agricultural residues through bio-conservation to industrial products.

*     Need proper implementation of Environmental Policy, Environment Conservation Act’s and Legislation.

*     Enhancement of the capacity of NGOs, Govt. agencies to successfully implement poverty alleviation program including non-formal education on environmental pollution awareness.

*     Immediate and honest actions by the USA, Russia, Japan and Canada, and all countries in resolving the problems creating the greenhouse gases. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol and the implementation of measurable positive actions to resolve the problems of global warming.

*     The support of the GCEG Climate Change Ministry.

*     The support of the GCEG Global Environment Ministry.

*     The support of the GCNA Emergency, Rescue, and Relief Centre .

Government leadership – set aggressive GHG reduction targets for provincial facilities and vehicle fleets, enforce standards for major building projects;

Urban land use – use tax shifting to discourage sprawl and favour more compact, transit-oriented communities; develop a policy to promote shared energy systems; and work with municipalities to provide incentives and tools for encouraging GHG reduction targets in official community plans and regional strategies by 2007;

Transportation – implement increased funding of transit and strategic road improvements, California-style vehicle emission standards for cars, higher emission standards for light to heavy duty trucks, and incentives to purchase more fuel-efficient vehicles and lower GHG fuels;

Buildings – establish phased-in energy performance standards, with a revolving fund for energy efficiency upgrades, provincial tax relief for the purchase of sustain-able products and equipment, and other supporting policies;

Electricity – adopt a GHG emission standard and offset requirement for thermal power generation that is coordinated with the federal government and builds on the province’s current energy efficiency and clean energy objectives;

Natural gas – develop an efficient and harmonized regulatory, fiscal, and land access framework to facilitate expansion of natural gas production consistent with sustainability; and tax or other incentives to reduce fugitive emissions and to promote acid gas reinjection into depleted reservoirs for disposing of CO₂ emissions;

Fuel cells – prepare a strategic plan to grow world leading fuel cell cluster; make a long-term provincial commitment to the hydrogen economy; and ensure active government participation in private and public sector fuel cell demonstrations;

Forest products – establish incentives to encourage energy from biomass; targets and support for afforestation and reforestation projects; and policies to prevent deforestation (all consistent with international carbon accounting protocols); and

Aluminum (and other sectors) – negotiate voluntary binding agreements for GHG emission reduction with the aluminum smelting and other industry sectors that are harmonized with federal initiatives.